Q1.
Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of-
Q2.
Which of the following molecules is the most toxic to the cells?
Q3.
The terms "ammonotelic", "Ureotelic", and "Uricotelic" are used to describe-
Q4.
Which of the following statements is correct?
Q5.
Which of the following statements is wrong?
Q6.
Urea and uric acid are –
Q7.
Which of the following group of animals is ureotelic?
Q8.
NH3 is converted into urea in –
Q9.
Which of the following groups of animals is uricotelic?
Q10.
Excretion of nitrogenous products in semisolid forms by -
Q11.
Least toxic nitrogenous waste is –
Q12.
Which of following in small amount is retained in kidney matrix of some animals to maintain a desired osmolarity?
Q13.
Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product?
Q14.
The less amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous product?
Q15.
Which of the following is correct about protonephridia/flame cells?
Q16.
Match the column I with column II.
Column I Column II
A. Nephridia I. Crustaceans(Prawn)
B. Malphigian tubules II. Annelids(Earthworm)
C. Anteenal Gland or Green Glands III. Insects(Cockroach)
Q17.
Which of the following statements is wrong about the human excretory system?
Q18.
Each kidney of adult human measures-
| Length | Width | Thickness | Weight |
|---|
| 10 - 12 cm | 5 - 7cm | 2 – 3 cm | 120-170 g |
| 10 – 20 cm | 10 - 12 cm | 6 - 12 cm | 40-50 gm |
| 2 – 6 cm | 10 - 12 cm | 6 - 12 cm | 40-50 gm |
| 10 - 12 mm | 5 - 7 mm | 2 – 3 mm | 120-170 mg |
Q19.
The part of kidney, gateway for ureter, nerves and blood vessels is-
Q20.
Inner to the hilum of kidney is a broad funnel shaped space called-
Q21.
Which of the following statements is false?
I. Outer cortex and inner medulla are the two zones in kidney
II. Medulla is divided into about 8 to 18 renal pyramids
III. Pyramid projects into calyx
IV. Inwards extension of cortex between the pyramids is called renal column of Bertini
Q22.
Observe the following figure.
Q23.
Which one of the following is the structural and functional unit of kidney?
Q24.
Renal corpuscle or Malpighian body is-
Q25.
Which one of the following is a tube that carries urine from kidney to the urinary bladder?
Q26.
Which of the following is incorrect?
Q27.
Urine formation involves-
Q28.
Match the column I with column II.
| Column I | Column II |
|---|
| a PCT | I. Concentrated urine formation |
| b DCT | II. Filtration of blood |
| c Loop of Henle | III. Reabsorption of 70-80% electrolytes |
| d Counter-current mechanism | IV. Ionic balance |
| e Renal corpuscle | V. Maintenance of conc. gradient in medulla |
Q29.
Which of the following statements is correct?
I. Renal vein take blood away from kidney
II. Loop of Henle conserves water
III. Podocytes occur in inner wall of Bowman's capsule
IV. Ultrafiltrate / nephric filtrate is plasma minus proteins.
Q30.
The glomerular capillaries cause filtration of blood through ____ layers –
Q31.
The layers between the blood in glomerular blood Bowman's space are –
Q32.
On average, _______ mL of blood is filtrated by the kidney per minute which constitute roughly __ of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of heart in a minute. –
Q33.
The amount of the filtrate formed by the kidney / minute is called GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate). The GFR of a healthy adult is-
Q34.
The GFR/day in a healthy adult is –
Q35.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus, a special sensitive cellular region is formed in –
Q36.
Of the filtrate, nearly how many of it is reabsorbed by the renal tubules?
Q37.
Which of following statements is false?
Q38.
Which of the following statements about proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is false?
Q39.
PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of body fluids by -
Q40.
If Loop of Henle were absent from mammalian nephrons, which of the following is to be expected?
Q41.
Use following diagram to complete the statements about the human nephron –
I. The composition of the filtrate would be most like plasma in the tubule next to the letter.
II. The urine would be most concentrated in the collecting duct next to letter
III. Most of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into peritubular capillary next to the letter
IV. Conducting of urine to pelvis of the kidney from the structure next to the letter
V. Most water is reabsorbed by the structure next to the litter
Q42.
I. Reabsorption in this region is minimum.
II. This region plays a significant role in the maintenance of high osmolarity of interstitial fluid
III. Its descending limb is permeable to water but almost impermeable to electrolytes
IV. Its ascending limb is impermeable to water but allows transport of electrolyte actively or passively
V. In descending limb filtrate is hypertonic while in ascending limb filtrate is hypotonic
The above characteristics are associated with -
Q43.
Which of the following statements is correct?
I. Reabsorption of water occurs passively in the initial segment of nephron
II. Nitrogenous waste are absorbed by passive transport
III. Conditional reabsorption of Na+ and water takes place in DCT
IV. DCT reabsorbs HCO3-
V. DCT is capable of selective secretion of H+, K+ and NH3 to maintain pH and Na+ - K+ balance in blood
VI. Substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+, etc in the filtrate are reabsorbed actively
Q44.
Tubular secretion helps to maintain a proper acid-base balance by removing one of the following from blood –
Q45.
Which of the following statements is false regarding the collecting duct?
I. Collecting duct is a straight duct
II. It extends from the cortex to medulla
III. Large amount of water could be reabsorbed from it to produce concentrated urine
IV. Small amount of urea diffuses out from it into the medulla to keep up the osmolarity
V. It plays a role to maintain pH and ionic balance of blood by the selective secretion of H+ and K+ ions
Q46.
Mammals have the ability to produce ______ urine-
Q47.
Which one plays an important role in counter current mechanism?
Q48.
In which of the following counter current operates-
Q49.
Medullary gradient is developed by all the following except -
Q50.
The medullary gradient is mainly caused by -
Q51.
The counter current mechanism helps to maintain a concentration gradient. This gradient helps in -
Q52.
NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of Henle's loop which is exchanged with -
Q53.
NaCl is returned to the by the ascending limb of vasa recta -
Q54.
Human kidney can produce urine nearly how many times concentrated than the initial filtrate formed?
Q55.
The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except -
I. Diffusion of salt from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
II. Active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb
III. The spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons
IV. Diffusion of urea from the collecting duct.
V. Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
Q56.
Which one of the following is produced in the kidneys?
Q57.
Reabsorption of Na+ is controlled by –
Q58.
The reabsorption of water in the kidneys is under the control of a hormone –
Q59.
Antidiuretic hormone secretion increases when the hypothalamus is stimulated by –
Q60.
The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance by controlling the level of ____ in the blood-
Q61.
The functioning of the kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by hormonal feedback mechanisms involving -
Q62.
Osmoreceptors in the body are activated by changes in -
Q63.
Which of the following sequences is correct for regulation of kidney function?
Q64.
Osmoregulation is the function of-
Q65.
ADH is synthesised by, ___________ released by _______ and acts on _________.
Q66.
Which of the following sequence is correct?
Q67.
Which of the following factors can activate the JG cells to release renin?
Q68.
Which of the following statements is false?
Q69.
RAAS (Renin -Angiotensinogen - Aldosterone System)-
Q70.
Which of the following is true about Atrial Natriuretic factor (ANF)?
Q71.
Renin-angiotensin pathway controls –
Q72.
RAAS secretes which of the following hormones?
Q73.
The expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder is called -
Q75.
The outline of principal event of urination is given below in unordered manner-
I. Stretch receptors on the wall of urinary bladder send signal to the CNS
II. The bladder fills with urine and becomes distended
III. Micturition
IV. CNS passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous relaxation of urethral Sphincter
The correct order of steps for urination is -
Q76.
The neural mechanisms causing urination is called -
Q77.
Average pH of human urine is –
Q78.
Match the column I with column II.
| Column I | Column II |
|---|
| A. Uremia | I. Henle's loop |
| B. Ketonuria | II. Ketone bodies in urine |
| C. Glycosuria | III. Artificial kidney |
| D. Blood dialyser | IV. Glucose in urine |
| E. Concentration of urine | V. Accumulation of urea in blood |
Q79.
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by-
Q80.
How much urea is excreted per day by a normal adult?
Q81.
Other than kidneys, which of the following also helps in the elimination of excretory wastes?
Q82.
How much CO2 is removed per minute by our lungs-
Q83.
Which of the following statements is false?
Q84.
Liver (largest gland) is both secretory and excretory organ. It secretes bile. Which of the following are major excretory products of bile?
Q85.
Most of excretory products of bile ultimately pass out along with-
Q86.
I. The human skin possesses sweat and sebaceous glands which eliminate some wastes in their secretion.
II. Sweat is waxy protective secretion having sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acid
III. Sebum is an aqueous fluid having NaCl, lactic acid, urea, amino acids, glucose
Which one of the above statement is correct?
Q87.
In uremia, artificial kidney is used for removing accumulated waste products like urea by the process called-
Q88.
In artificial kidney dialysing fluid contains all the constituents as in plasma except-
Q89.
Kidney stone is produced by-
Q90.
Bright’s disease/Glomerulonephritis is-
Q91.
Following are the steps of dialysis-
A. Blood is passed into a vein.
B. Blood is mixed with heparin.
C. Blood is mixed with anti-heparin.
D. Blood is drained from convenient artery.
E. Blood is passed through a coiled and porous cellophane tube bathing in dialysis fluid.
F. Removal of nitrogenous wastes from blood.
The correct sequence of steps is-